Cherokees Mentioned in Records Prior to 1775

ABRAM
He was from the Overhills, 1751-1777. Cherokee name, Ooskiah, Ooskuah. Also called Old Abram of Chilohowie

AGANSTATA
He was from the Overhills, Chota/Settico, Born: 1711, Died 1783. Name defined as ‘Groundhog Sausage” and known as the Beloved Warrior, First Warrior, Great Warrior of Chota, Oconostota, and Skiagunsta Chota. The most powerful of all Cherokee warriors. His mother was Quatsis, and his brothers were Kenoteta, Mankiller of Settico, and Shallelocke Kittegunsta.

ALL BONES
He was from the Lower towns, 1751. Cherokee name Kalahu, while others called him, Sawanugi or Shawano. The white people caIled him Sawnook and Flying Squirrel. He was the 2nd headman under Skiagunsta of Keowee. He was from Cheowee. One of the nine leaders of the Lower towns.

AMAKETAI
He was from the Valley towns, 1754. Name defined as “Rain Conjuror” and also called Moytoy, the Bully, George, Mankiller of Hiwassee, Ootossetih, and Tossity. The son of Raven of the Valley, and brother of Pigeon, Skiakow, and Skienah. He was from Little Hiwassee of the Valley. He later moved to Great Tellico. He was a member of the Tellico faction. In 1761, he went with Little Carpenter’s peace delegation to the English.

AMMOUSHOSSMEE
He was from the Overhills, 1741-1757. Name defined as “Bad Water.” Also called the Emperor of Great Tellico, the Emperor, and the Young Emperor. He was an English appointed ruler of the Cherokee nation to replace his deceased father, Moytoy who died in 1741. Born about 1730, probably in Great Hiwassee.

ANAKANO
He was from the Middle towns, 1751. Also called Aneanoay, Annoconoay, and Great Canoe, He was from Conutroy. He took care of Bernard Hughes’ horses.

ANAKANOE
He was from the Overhills, 1751, One of the leaders of the Great Tellico faction.

ANDREW
He was from the Valley towns.

ARCHER, JOHNNY
He was from the Lower towns, 1761. A half breed. A messenger from Fort Prince George to the Overhills. He served the English interest.

ARNUT
He was from the Middle towns, 1751. He was from Tuskaseegee.

ATORE EAK
He was from the Lower towns, 1756. A headman.

BEAMER, THOMAS
He was from the Lower towns, 1756. The half breed son of James Beamer of Estatoe. Later a trader in the Valley towns. An English/Cherokee interpreter. His grand- father was John Beamer, who came to the Overhills in 1699. French Hugetmot ancestry (Beamour). He was called a Mustee.

BENCH or BENGE
He was from the Overhills, 1762. The name was actually Benge, and he was from Great Island town.

BIG HAVEN
He was from the Overhills, 1757, Cherokee name@ Callonah equa. He was from Settico.

BIG SAWNY
He wag from the Middle towns, 1760. Also called Captain Sawny, Great Sawny, and Sawney.

BLACK DOG
He was from the Overhills, 1746-1757. Cherokee name, Gili-gunnage.Served on the Council of Ammouskossittee. He was from Chatuga.

BLACK DOG
He was from the Valley towns, 1754-1757. Cherokee name, Gili-gunnage. A headman in Nottley of the Valley towns. He died in 1757. A friend of Governor James Glen of South Carolina. An associate of Moytoy of Little Hiwassee.

BLIND WARRIOR
He was from the Overhills, 1746-1754. Also called Bread Slave Catcher, Breed Slave Catcher, Blind Slave Catcher, and Skiagunsta, Served on the Council of Ammouskossittee, and was the headman of Chatuga. Breed refers to the Breed Camp in central Alabama.

BLOODY FELLOW
Cherokee name, Ninatoogah, or Nenetooyah.

BRANNON
He was from the Lower towns, 1751. A half breed. May be Jesse Branham.

BREED SLAVE CATCHER
SEE: Blind Warrior

BROWN, JOHN
He was from the Lower towns, 1754-1758. Also called Captain Brown. A half breed. He was a packhorseman for the Cherokee traders, and later a Chickasaw trader. He was a partner with Jerome Courtonne. Brother-in-law to the Beloved Warrior of Great Tellico. Possibly the son of John Brown of Virginia. Later lived at Creek Path (Alabama) in 1817.

BROWN, SAMUEL
He was from the Lower towns, 1756. A Cherokee half breed. He was a Creek trader and served the French interest.

BRYANT, JOHN SR.
He was from the Lower towns, 1754. A pack horseman and trader from Bryant’s Mountain, near Tomassee (S.C.). He was of French Huguenot ancestry (de Bruyant). Killed as a Tory in 1781, by hanging. This trader is believed to have been the father of Chenawee of Hiwassee.

BRYANT, JOHN
He was from the Overhills, 1775. A half breed. The son of Lucy Bryant (Catawba/Cherokee). This family was from the ancient Bear Clan (Anitsag-uhi) through Lucy Bryant. Lucy’s Cherokee name may have been Aunooyohee. John married Frances Nance (French Huguenot). Then moved to Gibson County, Tennessee, yet returned to the Cherokee nation just before the removal. Died in Gibson County in IS56, and many of his descendants lived in Vinita, Oklahoma.

BRYANT, LUCY
She was from the Overhills, 1757. A Catawba/Cherokee woman born about 1758, who later lived at Chunannee (Chenawee?) Creek in modern White County Georgia (Ca-1817, Reservation #91). She was the mother of John Bryant.

BULLEN, JAMES
He was from the Middle towns, 1755-1756. A half breed. He held a commission from the Governor of North Carolina, and led a mission to the Northern Indians-

BULLHEAD
He was from the Overhills. This heroic leader of the Cherokees drove the Creeks below Coosa River before 1730. This military victory was a celebrated event through 1775.

BULLETHEAD
He was from the Overhills, 1751-1757. Cherokee name: Uskwalena, or Bullhead. Originally lived in Great Tellico, and later Tenase. A member of the Tellico faction. He served as Old Hop’s speaker on behalf of Chota. May also be Big Bullet.

BUTLER, NANCY
She was from the Overhills, 1756-1760. Cherokee name, ONinaa. An English informer who lived in Tellico. Worked with Fort Loudon. She was a half breed who was employed by Captain Raymond Demere at Fort Loudon.

CAJUR
He was from the Lower towns, 1730-1754. He was from Keowee. Had a brother mentioned in 1730 who served the English interest.

CAIUKA
He was from the Overhills, 1755. Name probably defined as Ground Squirrel. A warrior of the English interest from Chota.

CANACAUGHT
He was from the Lower towns, 1684. Also called the Great Conjuror. Signed the Treaty of 1684 with South Carolina. He was from Keowee.

CANISTOGUE
He was from the Overhills (Chatuga), 1758.

CANNAUAUGHTE
He was from the Lower towns (Keowee).

CANORCORTURER
He was from the Overhills, 1754-1760. SEE: Old Hop and Standing Turkey. Name defined as Standing Turkey (Kanagatoga).

CANTEATOY
He was from the Middle towns, 1758-1759. Also called Cawlectoy. He was the 2nd highest warrior of Watoga.

CAPPEE
He was from the Overhills, 1757-1761. This black man was the adopted son of Old Hop. He lived at Chota. In 1761, he lived in Tomatley, and went with Little Carpenter’s peace delegation to the English.

CAPTAIN SENECREY 1751.
A Seneca warrior who led twelve Seneca warriors to reside with the Cherokees in 1751. This group may have been associated with Seneca town of the Cherokee Lower towns.

CATHERINE
She was from the Overhills, 1753. The daughter of Kingfisher and Nancy Ward.

CATUCHEE
He was from the Lower towns, 1754. Also called the “Tail,” or Utana.

CAUNASAITA
He was from the Lower towns, 1684. Signed the Treaty of 1684 with South Carolina. He was from Keowee.

CEASAR
He was from the Overhills, 1713-1775. Also called Captain Ceasar, Skiagunsta Ceasar, Old Ceasar, and the Triple-nosed Warrion He was a half breed. Served on the Council of Ammouskossittee. fie was the headman of Great Tellico. As a youth, he was held as a British slave by John Stephens. He spoke English well. He was from Chatuga. Had a brother mentioned in 1730.

CHACHETCHA
He was from the Middle towns, 1751-1752. Also alled Chucheechee. He was a warrior from Tuskasegee of the Out settlements.

CHACONNUNTO
He was from the Lower towns, 1756.

CHARITE HAGEY 1716-1718.
Negotiated trade with South Carolina, and associated with Ceasar and Partridge.

CHAUNEE
He was from the Lower towns, 1756. Also called Chauunnee. A principal man of the Lower towns.

CHAURAUGOTCHE
He was from the Middle towns, 1756. Called a very great warrior,

CHEESQUATALONE
He was from the Lower towns, 1751-1754. Name defined as “Yellow Bird.” Also called Cheeskiowee and Cuareto. The headman of the Lower towns. SEE: Yellow Bird of Estatoe.

CHEESTOO KAIEHRE 1730.
Cherokee name, Old Rabbit, or Eleazer Wiggan. A Cherokee trader who served as interpreter on the trip to England in 1730. He began trading with the Cherokees in 1711. Due to his Cherokee name, he was probably adopted.

CHEKESAW
He was from the Lower towns, 1755. He was Long Jack’s brother, and was from Cheowee.

CHENALLOTEHE
He was from the Lower towns. He was Tiftowe’s brother and was from Keowee. The suffix “tehe,” or “dihi’ signifies killer.

CHENAWEE
He was from the Valley towns. Believed to be the husband of Lucy Bryant, and son of the Cherokee trader, John Bryant of Bryant’s Mountain near Tomassee. Chenawee was killed in the Battle of Horseshoe, du-ring Andrew Jackson’s Creek War. His wife Aunooyohee drew a pension on his service. He may have been the son of John Bryant Sr

CHENESLEY
He was from the Overhills, 1775. Supposed to have signed a deed at Sycamore Shoals.

CHEROKEE BILLY
he was from the Overhills, 1774, He was a relative of Ostenaco who was killed in 1774.

CHETHEAKA
He was from the Middle towns, 1753. A warrior from Stecoe River.

CHEULAR
He was from the Overhills, 1761-1762. Cheulah or Tsula was defined as ‘fox.” When visited by Lieutenant Henry Timberlake in 1761, he directed the Eagle Tail Dance. He was the headman of Settico, and may be the Small Pox Conjuror.

CHEWEREECRA
He was from the Middle towns. SEE: Mankiller of Nequassee.

CHICKASAW
He was from the Overhills. A young Cherokee who served as Oconostota’s messenger.

CHICKSAY
He was from the Middle towns, 1751. He was known to protest the traders, and was from Stecoe.

CHICSATERE
He was from the Overhills, 1700. Also called Bushyhead (Donodutu). He was the son of Caulanna (Raven) and the cousin of Oconostota. He was the brother of Savanooka. He married Nancy Foreman.

CHINORE 1759.
Held as a hostage of the English at Fort Prince George and murdered in February 1760.

CHIOTLOHEE
He was from the Middle towns, 1751. He killed the trader, Daniel Murphy.

CHISANAH 1759.
Held hostage at Fort Prince George by the British and murdered in February 1760.

CHISTV 1759.
‘Chistu” or ‘Tsitu” was defined as rabbit. Held hostage at Fort Prince George by the British and murdered in February 1760

CHOOSAHETE
He was from the Overhills, 1757. Associated with Cappee, and listed as young in 1757. He was from Settico.

CHUCATAH

He was from the Overhills, 1761. He was visted by Lieutenant Henry Timberlake in 1761, and was from Settico. A brother was mentioned in 1765.

CHUCHECHE
He was from the Middle towns, 1754-1755. The headman of Tuskasegee.

CHUGNONANTA
He was from the Overhills, 1754- Also called Chugnonanta Tommy of Tenase. SEE. Little Carpenter.

CHURNROKEKE
He was from the Lower towns, 1751.He was from Eustanally. One of nine leaders of the Lower towns.

CLENEWA
He was from the Valley towns, 1754. The headman of Noyowe.

CLOCHUITA
He was from the Lower towns, 1751. The headman of Estatoe.

CLOGITTAH
He was from the Overhills,1730. Went on the trip to England in 1730. He was from Tenase.

CLOGOITASH
He was from the Lower towns, 1751. Second rank headman in Estatoe.

CLUNLUSY
He was from the Valley towns, 1761.Name defined as “Leech.’ He was the son of the Long Dog of Nottley, and was killed in 1761.

COCKEYE WARRIOR
He was from the Valley towns, 1757.

COLD WEATHER
He was from the Overhills, 1760. He was from Chilohowie.

COLLANAH
He was from the Overhills, 1684-1730. Name defined as “Raven.” Also spelled Corani and Corane, and Kalanu. Signed the Treaty of 1684 with South Carolina. Went on trip to England in 1730. He was Oconostota’s uncle and Quatsis’s brother. He was probably from Settico.

COLD IRON
He was from the Overhills, 1756-1757. He was an English informer and a messenger from Chota to Lower towns.

COLINNA
He was from the Overhills, 1750. Name defined as “Raven,” in the Upper dialect. Served on Johnny of Tenase’s council. One of the leaders of the Great Tellico faction.

COLLALONA
He was from the Lower towns, 1757, The head warrior of Qualache.

CONASORATAH 1759.
Held as a hostage at Fort Prince George by the English and murdered in February 1761.

CONENTACKSHIOWAY
He was from the Lower towns, 1751.A headman in Estatoe.

CONJUROR
He was from the Valley towns, 1730. The Conjuror of Tassetchee who met Sir Alexander Cumming at loree (Jore) in 1730.

CONNECORTE
He was from the Overhills, 1753-1760. SEE: Old Hop.

CONOTACTCHE
He was from the Lower towns, 1751. The headman of Tugaloo.

COOSAEKAH
He was from the Lower towns, 1759. The prefix “Coosab” refers to Upper Creeks. The subject was either a Coosa or was a Cherokee who earned honors in battle against the Coosas. “Ekah” may be ‘equa,” defined as “big.” He was the Second Man of Conasatchee (Sugar town), and was known to war against the French.

CORANESEE
Collanah. Corane is the Lower dialect, and Collanah, the Upper dialect for “Haven.”

CORLIONEGA
He was from the Middle towns, 1755. He was from Tuskasegee.

COWEETATEECHEE
He was from the Overhills. Name signifies Lower Creek (Coweta) origin. SEE: Oakehoge.

COWWONANNS
He was from the Lower towns, 1756.

CUARTETO CHESKIOWEE
He was from the Lower towns, 1751. One of the nine leaders of the Lower towns. SEE: Cheesquatalone (Upper dialect).

DICHITI
He was from the Lower towns, 1753. A messenger to the Creeks from the Lower towns.

DREADFUL WARRIOR
He was from the Middle towns, 1758. The principal man of loree (Jore).

FATT WARRIOR
He was from the Overhills, 1757. He was from Chatuga.

FLINT 1713.
He lived on Cussata River.

FRENCH JOHN
He was from the Overhills, 1753-1757. A slave or adopted son of Old Hop, who served as the chief agent of the French from Fort Toulouse (Alabama) to Chota.

GOOD WARRIOR
He was from the Lower towns SEE Warrior Of Estatoe

GOOD WARRIOR
He was from the Lower towns SEE Warrior of Tugaloo.

GORRALEKE
He was from the Lower towns, 1684 He signed the Treaty of 1684 with South Carolina, and was from Toxaway.

GOTTOMA
He was from the Lower towns 1684, He signed the Treaty of 1684 with South Carolina, and was from Keowee.

GREAT CONJUROR
He was from the Lower towns, 1753 Also called Sower tSour Hominy), He was 2nd rank over the Lowe- towns, and was from Keowee SEE Cannauaughto

GREAT ELK 1756.
A Nuttewa (Nottowago or Nottoway) Indian who led many ofhis tribe to the Cherokees in 1756 Then resided with the Cherokees for over a year. Organized groups of Cherokees to go to the French in Canada.

GREAT GISTOTE
He was from the Lower towns, 1758 A head warrior of the English interest from Keowee.

GREAT WARRIOR
he was from the Overhills, 1711-1783, SEE Aganstata.

HALFBREED TOM
He was from the Lower towns, 1760 he was an associate of the Mankiller of Nequassee, and was from Keowee.

HALFBREED WILL
He was from the Middle towns, 1759-1761 The headman of Nequassee. He was said to be a henchman for the Mankiller of Nequassee in 1760. In 1761, he was a part of the Little Carpenter’s peace mission to the English at Charleston

HEAD BELOVED MAN
He was from the Lower towns SEE Owasta of Toxaway.

HEADMAN
He was from the Middle towns, 1754 Also called King of Nequassee

HEADMAN’S SON
He was from the Middle towns, 1756 Possibly known as “Thigh,” and was also called the, Headman of Nequassee’s son. He served the English interests. taken prisoner by the Savannah tribe.

HEADMAN
He was from the Valley towns, 1758 Called the Headman of Nottley

HEADMAN OF WRYOCHE
He was from the Lower towns, 1754, He was from Keowee. Wryoche is also spelled Wohatche

HEADMAN OF WRYOCHE
he was from the Middle towns, 1750- 1765. He was from Stecoe.

HEAD WARRIOR
He was from the Lower towns, 1758 He was from Estatoe.

HOOTLEYBOYAW
He was from the Lower towns 1717. The Warrior of Tugaloo,

HOWRUFTO
He was from the Lower towns, 1751-1756 A headman in Keowee One of nine leaders from the Lower towns

HUGHES MARY
She was from the Overhills, 1760-1761 One of thirty white prisoners held at Settico. Her husband, Bernard Hughes, was killed by the Cherokees. She was released, yet chose to stay and married her deceased husband’s murderer.

IKEYOGUSTS
He was from the Lower towns, 1’56 Also called Tellickconaeo He was the principal man in the Lower towns

ITOWA QUO
He was from the Overhills, 1756 Listed as one of the six greatest headmen in the Overhills.

ITOWA RUFTO
He was from the Lower towns, 1756

JACCUTEE
He was from the Middle towns, 1751. A headman in Cowee.

JACOB THE CONJUROR
He was from the Valley towns, 1730. Took part in arrangements for the trip to England in 1730, yet he did not go. Known as a Taseetchee leader before 1730, and was a close associate of Moytoy.

JAMEY
He was from the Middle towns, I7, 51 Also called Jemmv The headman of Sarlacha or Oussazlay May have been Conjuror Jamie of Estatoe, in 1758

JOHNNY
He was from the Overhills, 1741-1751. Also called Johnny of Tenase, Great Warrior of Tenase, Mankiller of Tenase (Tacite). A half breed. Served on Council of Ammouskossittee he was the son of Kittegunsta of Chota. Said to have died from a fever in 1749, yet records mention him after that Year. He was one of the leaders of the Great Tellico faction. A probable brother of Ostenaco and two others. Born before 1715.

JOHNS (Jones), LEWIS
He was from the Lower towns, 1755. A half breed and interpreter between the Cherokees and Catawbas. May have lived in Catawba nation. Noted as a Pee Dee Indian.

KATACTOI 1759.
Held hostage at Fort Prince George by the British and murdered in February 17160

KAHTAYAH
She was from the Overhills. The daughter of Calaunna, and sister of Savanooka. Married Alexander Drumgould, and later, John Foreman.

KEALHARUFTEKE
He was from the Lower towns, 1760. Also called Cheesquatalone (Upper dialect), Chesquoterone (Lower dialect), and Kealheyourough. He was murdered on 2 February 1760 as a hostage at Fort Prince George.

KEELEENAKASTA
He was from the Overhills, 1751. One of the leaders of the Great Tellico faction.

KELLELUSSTEKEY
He was from the Overhills, 1754. Also called Kerorostekee. One of two headmen from Telassee

KENOTCHTA
He was from the Lower towns, 1756. An English medal chief, who went to Charleston, South Carolina with the Cherokee principal chief

KENOTETA
He was from the Overhills, 17141-17571. Also called Rising Fawn Served on the Council of Ammouskossittee, and was of the English interest. He was Oconostota’s brother and the son of the Small Pox Conjuror of Settico. He was from Settico

KEIZOROSTEKEE
He was from the Lower towns, 17 56, Settled in Virginia back settlements in 1756

KILCANNOKEH
He was from the OverhillB, 17,59 Signed treaty with with South Carolina in 1759. One of six Overhill leaders

KILLAQUE
He was from the Overhills, 1757 Served the English interest, and was the Little Carpenter’s brother. He was from Tuskasegee.

KILLIANCA
He was from the, Overhills, 1759. When the Little Carpenter requested the release of several key Cherokee officials, who were held hostage at Fort Prince George, Killianca was released with Oconostota.

KINGFISHER
He was from the Overhills, 1755. Cherokee name, Chutloh. Married Nancy Ward and had two children, Long Fellow and Catherine Died in battle against the Creeks in 1755, at Taliwa (Georgia). Here Nancy Ward took his weapon and defended his position, later being named War Woman of ‘the tribe. Kingfisher was a member of the Deer clan, while Nancy Ward was said to be a member of the Wolf Clan.

KITTEGUNSTA
He was from the Overhills, 1730-1768. Also called King of Chota, Prince (Kittegunsta) of Chota, and Shallelocke Kittegungta.2 Went on trip to England in 1730 and was the main speaker (Shaliloski, Shallelocke). He was the brother of Oconostota, and died about March 6,1768. He was from Chota.

KITTEGUNSTA
He was from the Middle towns, 1751-1756. He took care, of,James Mays and Mr. McDaniel’s horses, He was from loree (Jore) In 1756, he led a war party against the settlers of the Broad and Catawba Rivers in South Carolina.

KITTEGUNSTA
He was from the Lower towns, 1730. The Prince of Tomassee, who was visited by Sir Alexander Cumming in 1730.

KNALANOY
He was from the Middle towns (Conutroy), 1751.

LITTLE CARPENTER
He was from the Overhills. Born: 1710, Died 1781. Also called Attakullakulla (Leaning Wood) Chugnonanto Tommy, Chukenanta Warrior, Little Cornplanter, Ookanaka (White Owl) of Natchey Creek, and Truconita. He was the Peace Chief of the Cherokee Nation. Served the English interest and was a medal chief. Went to England in 1730. He may have been a Nipissing Indian, according to statements made b his son, Turtle at home. He was the nephew of Movtoy and Old Hop, and the uncle of Nancy Ward. Dragging Canoe, Badger, and White Owl were his sons. Born about 1710 in either Canada or the Big Island of the French Broad River in Tennese. During his life, he lived in Natchey Creek, Tenase, Tornatley, and Toqua of the, Overhills. He was a member of the Wolf Clan

LITTLE CONJUROR
He was from the Lower towns, 1751. Second headman over Keowee. One of nine leaders of the Lower towns.

LITTLE FELLOW
fie was from the Overhills The son of Nancy Ward and Kingfisher. Also called Five killer. Born about 1753. He lived on Wilson Hill at Ocoee (Uwagahi).

LITTLE OWL
He was from the Overhills. Cherokee name, Nahoolah. One, of Little Carpenter’s sons

LITTLE RAVEN
He was from the Overhills. SEEi Savanooka.

LITTLE TETHTOY
fie was from the Lower towns, 1754, Name may be called nftowe. The headman of Keowee.

Estanaury (Estonoley).

LONG BEN
He, was from the Lower towns lie was a Creek half breed who associated with the Lower and Valley towns.

LONG DOG
He was from the Valley towns, 1761 Cherokee name, ganubidugili. lie was from Nottley.

LONG FELLOW
lie was from the Valley towns, 1737. The son of Tame Doe and Sir Francis Ward, and brother of Nancy Ward Born about 1737 Born at Chota, and later lived on Ocoee River.

LONGJACK
He was from the Lower towns, 1752-1756. Cherokee name, ganuhidutsani. Also called Johnny or Long Johnny. Associated with the Little Carpenter. lie was from Cheowee, though records also place him in Settico of the Overhills. In 1751, he was listed as being from Tenase,

LONG TOM
He was from the Middle towns, 1761 Listed as a young Cherokee

LOTTA
He was from the Lower towns, 1751 SEE Mankiller of Cheowee.

MANKILLER
He. was from the Lower towns, 1751 Called Mankiller of Cheowee or Lotta.see.

MANKILLER
He was from the Middle towns, 1751. Called Mankiller of Conutroy.

MANKILLER
He was from the Middle towns, 1751. Called Mankiller of Cowee.

MANKILLER
He was from the Lower towns, 1756-1761. Called Mankiller of Estatoe, and was the nephew of the Swallow Warrior. In 1761, he raided the Greeks, taking horses and prisoners.

MANKILLER
He was from the Overhills, 1751-1757. Mankiller of Hiwassee. SEE: Amahetai.

MANKILLER
He was from the Middle towns, 1758-1760. Also called Chewehe-echa. He was from loree (Jore), and records also place him in Nequassee.

MANKILLER
He was from the Lower towns, 1761-1762. Called Mankiller of Keowee. Went with the Little Carpenter’s peace delegation to the English in 1761.

MANKILLER
He was from the Middle towns. Called Mankiller of Nequasee, and also called Classati.

MANKILLER
He was from the Valley towns, 1751. Called Mankiller of Nottley, and was the headman of Nottley.

MANKILLER
He was from the Valley towns, 1751. Called Mankiller of Noyowe, and was the headman of Noyowe.

MANKILLER
He was from the Valley towns, 1730. Called Mankiller of Oconnie, who was visited by Alexander Cumming.

MANKILLER
He was from the Overhills, 1751-1754. Called Lame Arm, First Man of Tellico, Mankiller of Settico, and Mankiller of Tellico. Served the French interest, and associated with French John and the Mortar. He was Oconostota’s brother and the son of the Small Pox Conjuror of Settico.

MANKILLER
He was from the Overhills, 1754. Called Mankiller of Slocke.

MANKILLER
He was from the Middle towns, 1751-1759. Cailed Mankiller of Stecoe. He was the headman of Nequassee and Stecoe

MANIKILLER
He was from the Overhills, 1754. Called Mankiller of Telassee, and was the headman of Telassee.

MANKILLER
He was from the Overhills. Called Mankiller of Tellico. SEE Ostenaco.

MANKILLER
He was from the Overhills, 1751. Called Mankiller of Tenase.

MANKILLER
He was from the Overhills. Called Mankiller of Tomatley.

MANKILLER
He was from the Overhills, 1753. Called Mankiller of Toqua.

MANKILLER
He was from the Middle towns, 1759, Held hostage at Fort Prince George by the British and murdered in February 1760

MAY APPLE
He was from the Lower towns, 1760. Associated wit the Mankiller of Nequassee, and was from Keowee

MOETOE
He was from the Overhills, 1751. SEE Amahetai.

MORTAIR
He was from the Oakecoys, 1754-1759. This Upper Creek warrior, named Yah Yah Tustanage, was Governor Louis de Kerelec’s agent to Chota. He maintained a faction of Upper Creeks who associated with the Mankiller of Settico, Oconostota, Old Hop, and the Small Pox Conjuror of Settico. He was highly respected by the Chota people.

MOYTOY
He was from the Lower towns, 1760. Called Moytoy of Keowee An associate of the Tail of Estatoe. He was from Keowee

MOYTOY
He was from the Overhills, 1730-1741. The first English appointed ruler of the Cherokees. Originally from Little Hiwassee or Taseetchee of the Valley towns. He and Jacob the Conjuror were known as the leaders of Taseetchee. He was the brother of Old Hop and Little Carpenter’s mother. He was known as the Rain Conjuror, and died in battle in 1741. He was originally the Head warrior of Tellico. He was appointed Emperor at Nequassee in 1730 by Jacob the Conjuror, and by election of the head chiefs. The title was called the Crown of Tenase.

MOYTOY
He was from the Overhills, 1759. Called Moytoy of Settico or Moitoi He led nineteen warriors against the white settlements, and was pro-French.

NELLAWGITEHI
He was from the, Lower towns, 1684. Signed the Treaty of 1684 with South Carolina. He was from Toxaway Name probably refers to Nottawago killer.

NETTAWAGETCHE
He was from the Lower towns, 1753. Second headman of Toxaway. Name probably refers to Nottawago killer.

NICHOLEHE 1759.
Held hostage at Fort Prince George by the British and murdered in February 1760.

NORRODELY
He was from the Middle towns, 1752. He was from Stecoe,

NOTCHEE WARRIOR
He was from the Overhills, 1751. Also called Tacit (Mankiller) of Natchey. He was the third rank headman of Great Iliwassee, and was originally from that place He later settled near Natchey Creek, Probably a Natchez Indian.

OAKEHALPE
He was from the Overhills, 1752. The English Captain of Great Tellico. Name probably of Creek origin.

OAKEHOGE
He was from the Overhills, 1752 Also called Coweetaateechee. Known as the King of Great Tellico. Coweeta refers to Lower Creek. Oak refers to water.

OCCOUNACO
He was from the Overhills, 1730. The White Owl SEE Little Carpenter.

OCONACO
He was from the Lower towns, 1751. The headman of Sugartown. One of nine leaders from the Lower towns.

OCONECA
He was from the Overhills, 1759. Signed a treaty with South Carolina in 1759. One of six Overhill leaders.

OCONOSTOTA
He was from the Overhills, Born: 1711, Died: 1783. Name was an English phonetical spelling of the Cherokee term “Aganstata.” Also called Beloved Warrior of Chota, First Warrior, Great Warrior of Chota, Skiagunsta Chota, and Skiagunsta Settico. SEE: Aganstata.

OLD BARK
He was from the Overhill, 1756 Went to Virginia in 1756.

OLD CHUCKLE
He was from the Lower towns, 1730-1756. A headman in the Lower towns. Served the French interest in 1751. May be Old Checkle of Tenase in 1730, who was a Creek Indian.

OLD HOP
He was from the Overhills, 1746-1760. Also called Canacaughte, Canorcortuker, Connecorte, Emperor of Chota, Standing Turkey, and Uku of Chota. He removed the English appointed rulership over the Cherokee nation, and brought all four settlement areas under Chota in 1753-1754. He was Moytoy’s brother, and the uncle of Little Carpenter. He died in 1760, and gave his authority to Kittegunsta and Oconostota. His title was known as the ‘Fire King.’

OLD PRINCE
He was from the Overhills, 1757. He was from Toqua, and sons (without names) are mentioned in records

OLD WARRIOR
He was from the Overhills, 1756-1757. He was from Tomatley. fie was an English informer to Captain Raymond Demere at Fort Loudon of the Overhills.

OLD WARRIOR
He was from the Middle towns, 1751. He was from Tuckasegee.

OLD WAR WOMAN
She was from the Overhills, 1751. The leader of the Women’s War Council, which was later occupied by Nancy Ward, Ward could not have been this women, for she was only 13 years old in 1751.

ONATOWE
He was from the Valley towns, 1751-1761 Also called Onotony. 2nd headman over Little Tellico. Served the, English interest, and was the brother of Round O (Shonguttam), Went on Little Carpenter’s peace delegation to the English in 1761.

ONE EYED WARRIOR
He was from the Valley towns, 1761. A headman in Little Tellico,

ONISCA
He was from the Lower towns, 1751. He was from Keowee.

ONNAKANNOY 1730.
Also called Ounakannowie. Was not allowed to go to England in 1730.

ORNSEO
He was from the Lower towns, 1754.

OSQUOZUFTOIE
He was from the Middle towns, 1751. The headman of Tucksoie.

OSTENACO
He was from the Overhills, 1746-177. Also called Antossity Ustoneeka, Judd’s Friend, Judge’s Friend, Mankiller of Tellico, and Rusteenekobagan. He was Oconostota’s Chief of Staff, or 2nd Head warrior. Served the French interest until his trip to England in 1762 with Lt Henry Timberlake. Close friend of Oconostota and Old Hop. Originally from Hiwassee, though his mother was from Settico. He was listed in Chota, Great Tellico, Hiwassee, Judd’s Creek, and Settico. He became a Mankiller in 1746. He was born about 1715, and was the youngest of four brothers. One of Wilma Mankiller’s ancestors.

OUCAH 1759.
Held hostage at Fort Prince George by the British and murdered in February 1760.

OUKAH ULAH
He was from the Over”Is, 1759. Name defined as “ruler to be.” One of two sons of Old Hop, and Possibly Standing Turkey.

OUKANDEKAH
He was from the Overhills, 1730. Probably Little Carpenter.

OUKAYUDA 1730.
The Oukah Ulah or King to be (ruler to be). Went on trip to England in 1730.

OUSANATAH 1759.
Held hostage at Fort Prince George by the British and murdered in February 1760.

OUSANOLETAH 1759.
Held hostage at Port Prince George by the British and murdered in February 1760.

OUSLENARIA
He was from the Overbills, and associated with Little Carpenter.

OUSONALETAK
He was from the Middle towns, 1757-1760. Also called Ousunuletta of Ioree. He was the headman of the Valley town, Tomatley for a period. He died as a hostage at Fort Prince George in February 1760.

OUTOSSITY
He was from the Overhills. SEE: Mankiller of Tomatley.

OWASTA
He was from the Lower towns, 1684. Signed the Treaty of 1684 with South Carolina. He was from Toxaway.

OWASTA
He was from the Lower towns, 1753. The Beloved Man of Toxaway. May be the signer in 1684.

OXINAA
She was from the Overhills, SEE: Nancy Butler.

OZUSTA
He wag from the Lower towns, 1751. The Catawba King and headman of Keowee.

PARTRIDGE
He was from the Lower towns, 1714-1717. Associated with Ceasar and Charite Hagey in trade relations with South Carolina.

PIGEON
He was from the Valley towns, 1757. Cherokee name, Amoyah. A son of the Raven of Himassee. He was called Woey by the whites. He was held hostage at Fort Prince George in 1759, but released with Oconostota. In 1761, he worked with Saloue (Seroweh) and Ostenaco in Oconostota’s War against the English.

PIPE 1761.
A young Cherokee warrior who was a messenger from Virginia.

PRINCE OF CHOTA
He was from the Overhills, 1746-1768. SEE: Kittegunsta.

PRINCE OF IOREE
He was from the Middle towns, 1754-1758. SE& Kittegunsta of loree.

QUARRASATTAHE 1759.
Held hostage at Fort Prince George by the British and murdered in February 1760.

QUATSIS
She was from the Overhills, 1699. The mother of Oconostota and Mankiller of Settico, and sister of the Raven of Settico. Supposed to have married John Beamer in 1699. Born in 1683.

RAT
He was from the Lower towns, 1760. Associated with the Mankiller of Nequassee, and was from Keowee.

RAVEN OF CHATUGA
He was from the Overhills, 1757. Served the English interest. He was from Chatuga, and had a son mentioned.

RAVEN OF CHOTA
He was from the Overhills. SEE: Savanooka.

RAVEN OF COWEE
He was from the Middle towns, 1751. Associated with James May, and the headman of Cowee. Took care of James May’s horses.

RAVEN
He was from the Valley towns, 1751-1757. Also called Colinna, Corane, King of the Valley, and Raven of Hiwassee. He was very influential with the leaders of the Overhills, and related to Little Carpente, Moytoy, and Old Hop. Several sons mentioned, such as Moytoy, Pigeon, Skiakow, and Skienah. Some records list him as deceased by 1757.

RAVEN
He was from the Middle towns, 1768, Called the Raven of Nequassee. He went with Oconostota and Little Carpenter to New York to negotiate the Treaty of Fort Stanwix.

RAVEN OF TENASE
He was from the Overhills, 1752.

RAVEN OF TOMATLEY
He was from the Overhills, 1761.

RAVEN OF TOQUA
He was from the Overhills, 1762. Died in battle in 1762.

RAVEN OF TOXAWAY
He was from the Lower towns, 1751- 1757. The head warrior over Toxaway. Had grandchildren mentioned in 1753. Worked with Governor Glen of South Carolina on the Cherokee boundaries associated with the Carolina Purchase of 1753.

RAVEN
He was from the Valley towns, 1761. Also called the Young Raven of Hiwassee. He was the son of the Raven of Hiwassee.

RAYETAEH
He was from the Overhills, 1760-1788. Also called Corn Tassel (Onitositah) and Old Tassel. Served as counselor to Oconostota. He was murdered in cold blood by John Sevier’s men in 1788. He was from Toqua, and served in Chota. He was John Watt’s uncle, and brother to Doublehead, Nettle Carrier, and Pumpkin Boy.

ROUND O
He was from the Middle towns, 1754-1759. Also called Shonguttam. He was the headman of the Out towns, and was from Stotoree or Tuskasegee. Deceased by 1761. A noted friend to the English.

SACHETCHE
He was from the Middle towns. He was the headman over several Upper towns. He was from Tucologia.

SALOUE
He was from the Overhills, 1760. In the Lower Cherokee dialect, Seroweh. Served as an officer in Oconostota’s command in the Cherokee War of 1760. Listed as young in 1760, and originally from Estatoe where he was a chief Served the French interest.

SANNAOESTE
1759. Held hostage at Fort Prince George by the British and murdered in February 1760.

SAVANNAH KING
He lived among the Savannahs, 1746. A diplomat from the Savannahs to the Overhill Cherokees.

SAVANOOKA
He was from the Overhills, 1760-1776. Also called Sawanookee or Shawnee, and Raven of Chota. lie was the nephew of Oconostota. Some say he was once captured by the Shawnees, hence the name Savanooka or Shawnee. Others claim he was Shawnee by birth, and captured by the Cherokees. He served as an advisor to Oconostota. He was from Chota, though originally was probably from Settico, as were most of Oconostota’s relatives. His brother was Chiesatebe, and sister, Kahtayah. May be the child of Oconostota’s sister, or the son of Oconostota’s uncle, Caulunna of Settico.

SAVANTOOHEE
He was from the Valley towns, 1751. The headman over Little Tellico.

SCALELOSKE
He was from the Lower towns, 1760. Name defined as “speaker.” He was the 2nd warrior over Tomassee. He was killed as a hostage at Fort Prince George on 14 February 1760. He was from Tomassee.

SECOND WARRIOR
He was from the Lower towns, 1758, Second warrior over Estatoe.

SECOND WARRIOR
He was from the Middle towns, 1730. He met Sir Alexander Cumming in 1730, and was from loree (Jore).

SECOND YELLOW BIRD
He was from the Lower towns, 1757. He led the Lower town warriors against Fort Duquesne in 1757.

SEED
He was from the Overhills, 1760. Be, worked with the French agent, John Lantaniack, and led missions to Fort Toulouse for supplies. He was from Settico

SENNOTRONNEY
He was from the Middle towns, 1758. A headman in loree or Watoga.

SEQUROGHUENOY
He was from the Overhills, 1754 The, headman of Tellico.

SHALLELOCKE
He was from the Middle towns, 1761 Name defined as “speaker” of Stecoe. Went with Little Carpenter’s peace delegation to the English. He was Ostenaco’s brother

SHONGUTTAM
He was from the Middle towns, 1753. SEE: Round O.

SHOREY, ANN
She was from the Overhills, 1762. The half breed daughter of William Shorey, who married John McDonald. She was John Ross’s grandmother. After 1770, the McDonald family moved to Lookout Mountain where they established a trading post.

SHOTMOUTH
He was from the Valley towns, 1761. A headman in Tomatley.

SINNAWA
He was from the Overhills, 1684. Name defined as “spiritual leader of the hawks.’ Signed the Treaty of 1684 with South Carolina, and was from Big Island Town.

SINNAWA
He was from the Middle towns, 1751-1753. Also called Chuchia, Hawkhead, and Sinawaska Johnny. A headman in Tuakasegee. He took care of James Mays horses. A warrior.

SKAYAGUSTA OUKAH
He was from the Lower towns, 1730. Also called Chief of Tasseta, Oukah Ulah, and Skiagunsta. Made trip to England in 1730.

SKIAGUNSTA CHEOWEE
He was from the Lower towns, 1751. One of nine leaders of the Lower towns.

SIKLAGUNSTA COWEE
He was from the Middle towns, 1759. Name defined as ‘Great Warrion’ A headman and warrior in Cowee.

SKIAGUNSTA KEOWEE
He was from the Lower towns, 1751- 1756.Also called Chachu, Great Warrior of Lower towns, and Old Warrior. Probably the same as Skayagusta Oukah.

SKIAGUNSTA STECOE
He was from the Middle towns, 1759. Held hostage at Fort Prince George by the British and murdered in February 1760

SKIAGUNSTA TELLICO
He was from the Overhills, 1751. One of the leaders of the Great Tellico faction.

SKIAKOW
He was from the Valley towns, 1751. The son of the Raven of Hiwassee, and was from Juforchee.

SKIAWECHI
He was from the Lower towns, 1753. Known to speak English well.

SKIENAH
He was from the Valley towns, 1751. The son of the Raven of Hiwassee, and was from Little Hiwassee.

SKURRELEFTEKEE
He was from the Middle towns, 1758, A headman of loree (Jore) or Watoga.

SLAVE CATCHER
He was from the Overhills, 1759.Called the Slave Catcher of Chota A close friend of the Great Mortar.

SLAVE CATCHER
He was from the Lower towns, 1760. Called the Slave Catcher of Conasatchee (Sugar Town). Little Carpenter turned him over to the English as a murderer.

SLAVE CATCHER
He was from the Middle towns, 1751. Cherokee name, Dayugidaski (Slave Catcher). Cafled Slave Catcher of Conutroy. Associated with the murders at the Oconees in 1751, and was anti-English.

SLAVE CATCHER
He was from the Overhills, 1751. Cherokee name, Dayugidaski. Called Slave Catcher of Great Tellico and Onecowe.

SLAVE CATCHER
He was from the Middle towns, 1751 Called the Slave Catcher of Kituwah. He demanded the death of the trader, Bernard Hughes.

SLAVE CATCHER
He was from the Overhills, 1754-1775. Cherokee name, Dayugidaski. Called Slave Catcher of Tenase. A headman in Tenase. Known as an old man in 1761, and lived on Tellico River, He was supposed to have signed a deed at Sycamore Shoals in 1775.

SLAVE CATCHER
He was from the Overhills, 1754-1761. Cherokee name, Dayugidaski. Called Slave catcher of Tomatley Noted as a young man. He was sent as a diplomat to the English by Oconostota in 1761.

SMALL POX CONJUROR
He was from the Overhills, 1751-1757. A friend of Old Hop, and father of Kenoteta and Mankiller of Settico, May be father of Kittegunsta and Oconostota. Served as headman of Settico and served on the Chota council.

SMITH’S FRIEND
He was from the Lower towns, 1756. Served the English interest He was from Keowee.

SOUR HOMINY
Cherokee name, Kanahena.

STANDING TURKEY
He was from the Overhills. SEE: Old Hop.

STANDING TURKEY
He was from the Overhills, 1754-1761. Cherokee name, Canorcortuker, Conocktoco, Cunnicatoka, Kanagatucko. He was the son of Old Hop, and appointed to take his father’s position. Associated with Oconostota. He was from Chota. After Old Hop’s death in 1760, he was appointed to take his rulership, by Oconostota. He was known as Ocayula or Oukah Ulah (ruler to be).

STICKOEE
He was from the Middle towns, 1751 An English informer.

SUCKCORUFTEKE
He was from the Lower towns, 1751. The headman over Tomassee. One of nine leaders of the Lower towns.

SUNARETEHEE
He was from the Middle towns, 1760 Also called Sanaratehee. Was killed in the attack on Fort Prince George on 16 February 1760.

SUTICHETTCHEE
He wag from the Middle towns, 1730 Also called Suttellitchee Went on trip to England in 1730. fie was a representative ofthe Old Warrior of-luskasegee, and from that town.

SUWEGAS
He was from the Middle towns, 1751. Ile was from Eahhoay.

SWALLOW WARRIOR
He was from the Lower towns, 1756-1757, He was the head warrior of Estatoe, and led 100 men to attack Fort Duquesne. Served the English interest.

SWANUGI
Fie was from the Lower towns, 1751 Also called All Bones, Kalahu, and Skiagunsta of Cheowee.

TACITE OUSTENAIRA
He was from the Lower towns, 1751 Tacite is defined as Mankiller (Tacite, Tossety, Tossity, and Otossity).

TAIL
He was from the Lower towns, 1761. Cherokee name, litana. A half breed. Served in Oconostota’s War of 1760. He was from Estatoe. Tail Benge later was called by this name, He spoke fluent Creek and was associated with Moytoy of Keowee, Known to attack the white settlers.

TALLICHAMA 1759.
“Talli” is defined as ‘two,” Held hostage at Fort Prince George by the British and murdered in February 1760.

TALLITAHE 1759
. Name defined as “twokiller” Held hostage at Fort Prince George by the British and murdered in February 1760.

TAME DOE
She was from the Overhills, 1738-1775. She was Little Carpenter’s sister, and Nancy Ward and Long Fellow’s mother. She married Sir Francis Ward.

TEETATELOSKI
He was from the Overhills, 1761. Went with Little Carpenter’s peace delegation to the English. He was from Settico.

TELLITLEHE
He was from the Overhills, 1756. One of six great men of the Overhills.

TELLOQUOLUFTOKAY
He was from the Overhills, 1730. A Tellico headman.

TENASE WARRIOR
He was from the Overhills, 1730. He helped Moytoy and Alexander Cumming establish rulership over the Cherokees in 1730. May be Johnny of Tenase or Warrior of Tenase.

TERRAPIN
He was from the Overhills, 1765. Also called Tuskasah of Chiles Tooch. He was Oconostota’s son by his first wife, a Creek woman. Born in Chota about 1740.

TETHTOWE
He was from the Lower towns, 1730. SEE: Tiftowe.

TETTATELASKI
He was from the Overhills, 1761. Went with Little Carpenter’s peace delegation to the British,

THICK LEGG WARRIOR
He was from the Overhills, 1758- 1759.Served the English interest, and was from Chatuga.

THIGH
He was from the Overhills, 1756-1759, Served as an interpreter between the Savannahs and Cherokees. Formerly a prisoner of the Savannahs, and was from Great Tellico. Associated with French John and Savannah Tom.

TIFTOA
He was from the Overhills. SEE: Willenawah.

TIFTOWE
He was from the Lower towns, 1730-1761. Also called Teptoa and Old Tiftowe, Went on trip to England in 1730. He was a headman in Estatoe. Also listed from Keowee. Served the French interest and Oconostota in 1760.

TISTOEE
He was from the Overhills, 1761. He was an old man from Tomatley.

TOHANORAWIGHTON
He was from the Overhills, 1762. Went to England in 1762 with Ostenaco and Lieutenant Henry Timberlake.

TOLLITCHE 1751.
SEE: Suttellitichee.

TONY OF CHOTA
He was from the Overhills, 1760. Died of smallpox as a hostage at Fort Prince George in February 1760.

TOSSETTEE
He was from the Overhills. SEE: Mankiller of Telassee.

TOSSETY
He was from the Overhills. SEE: Mankiller of Settico.

TOTAIAHHOI 1759.
Held hostage at Fort Prince (‘ George by the British and murdered in 1780.

TOTTERSHALL
He was from, the Lower towns, 1755. Served the English interest, and was a messenger from Keowee to Chota.

TSIYUGUNSINI
He was from the Overhills, 1775. Name defined as “Dragging Canoe.” He was Little Carpenter’s son, and from Great Island.

TULLITHUSSQUE
He was from the Lower towns, 1756. A headman in the Lower towns-

TUSCOLOSO
He was from the Overhills, 1759 Worked with Greeks against the English traders. He was from Settico.

UCANOREACH
He was from the Overhills, 1753. A deputy of Old Hop who associated with Little Carpenter for Chota’s benefit.

UCONACO
He was from the Lower towns, 1756. A headman in the Lower towns.

UKANTA
He was from the Overhills, 1751. A headman in Chota. The name probably signifies Ogana or Groundhog. Possibly Oconostota.

UKEYOUROUGH
A headman in the Lower towns, 1756.

UKWANEEQUA
He was from the Overhills, 1730, Supposed to have, went on the trip to England in 1730.

ULOFTA
He was from the Overhills, 1751. A headman of an Overbill town. One of the leaders of the Great Tellico faction.

UNANIKALLAREE
He was from the Overhills, 1751. A headman of an Overhill town. One of the leaders of the Great Tellico faction.

USLUNECUS
He was from the Overhills (Tenase), 1754,

USTENEUE
He was from the Overhills (Tuskasegee), 1754.

WARD, NANCY
She was from the Overhills, 1755-1775. Known as Ghighau, Nanyehi, War Woman, Most Beloved Woman . After 1755, she led the women’s war council. She was Tame Doe’s daughter, and Little Carpenter’s niece. Raised by Oconostota and Lucy Ward. She married Kingfisher, and later Bryant Ward. She was from Chota, and later Womankiller Ford. Born in 1738 at Chota and died in 1822 an Ocoee River, A member of the Wolf Clan.

WARRIOR OF ESTATOE
He was from the Lower towns, 1753- 1761.Cherokee name, Ecuwe. Also called the Old Warrior of Estatoe, Ayatsigi (Warrior). The head warrior of the Lower towns. Went with the Little Carpenter’s peace delegation to the English in 1761.

WARRIOR OF NOITLEY
He was from the Valley towns, 1751.Cherokee term for warrior, ‘Ayatsigi.’

WARRIOR OF STECOE
He was from the Middle towns, 1760. Died as a hostage at Fort Prince George on 8 February 1760 at 7:00 P.M.

WARRIOR OF TENASE
He was from the Overhills, 1754-1755. A warrior from Tenase.

WARRIOR OF TOMATLEY
He was from the Overhills, 17 54-1755 A headman in Tomatley.

WARRIOR OF TOOGALOO
He was from the Lower towns, 1751. Also called the Good Warrior or Old Warrior.

WARRIOR OF TOQUA
He was from the Overhills, 1754. A headman of Toqua

WAUTEKA
He was from the Middle towns Ioree, 1759.

WHITE, ANDREW
He was from the Lower towns, 1751-1752. A half breed from Keowee. He killed an Englishman at the Occonies. In 1752, he was held as a prisoner of the English.

WHITE OWL
He was from the Middle towns, 1761. Called the King of Kituwah, and killed on 29 May 1761 in battle.

WHITE OWL
He was from the Overhills, 1757. Cherokee name Ookoonaka. A young warrior and son of Little Carpenter. He was &om Toqua and later atchey Creek.

WHITE OWL
He was from the Lower towns, 1761. He was a diplomat of Oconostota, who was sent to demand peace with the English in 1767 He was from Toxaway.

WHOATEHE 1759.
Held hostage at Fort Prince George by the British and murdered in February 1760.

WHOKLORER
He was from the Lower towns, 1754. A headman over Keowee.

WILLENAWAH
He was from the Overhills, 1751-1777. Also called Gray Eagle, Great Eagle, Tiftoa, Woolenawah, and Woolochuoah. He was from Tenase and later Great Tellico. A warrior.

WOHACHE
He was from the Lower towns, 1748-1757. Also called Ohatchee, Wawhatchee, Wayayochy, Wryoche, and Yorhatche. A headman over three Lower towns. He served as a speaker for Lower towns, and was against the English interest. He was from Keowee. He replaced Skiagunsta of Keowee as the head warrior of the Lower towns in 1753. As a young warrior (1748) he lived in Conasatchee (Sugar Town). In 1756, he attempted to separate the Lower towns from the authority of Chota.

WOLF
He was from the Lower towns, 1756-1761. Cherokee name Waya. A head warrior in the Lower towns. Associated with Willenawah, and was from Keowee.

WOLF KING
He was from the Overhills, 1760. He went with the Old Warrior to New Orleans in 1760, to request presents from the French.

YACHTANNO
He was from the Lower towns, 1759. He took English scalps on the Broad and Catawba Rivers, and was an associate of Saloue (Seroweh). He was from Estatoe.

YACHTINO
He was from the Overhills, 1757-1762. Also called Youghtanno. In 1757, he led forty warriors from Chilohowie and Telassee against Fort Duquesne. He was visited by Lieutenant Henry Timberlake in 1762, and was from Chilohowie.

YAHOKA
He was from the Lower towns, 1753. A headman in Keowee.

YELLOWBIRD
He was from the Lower towns, 1751-1754. Cherokee name Cheesquatarone. He was from Estatoe. One of the head warriors of the Middle towns. He was from Ioree (Jore) or Watoga.

YORHATCHE
He was from the Lower towns (Toxaway), 1753.

YOROGOTOGASKEE
He was from the Lower towns, 1717. He received presents from the British in South Carolina.

YOUNG TWIN
He was from the Lower towns, 1760. Little Carpenter accused him of murders, and turned him over to the English. This was to get the release of several key chiefs held at Fort Prince George. Associated with the Slave Catcher of Conasatchee (Sugar Town).

YOUNG WARRIOR
He was from the Lower towns, 1761-1766. He was a young warrior from Estatoe, and against the English interest.

The cult of Familiar Spirits reached a high development among the Island Carib folk (89). Though presented with offerings and other things, these Spirits could be invoked only by the Medicine-man (90), and, being more or less intimately associated with human bones, were often called into requisition for purposes of Witchcraft and Prophecy (91). The Island Arawak people also had similar Familiar Spirits (92), the belief in whose existence is even yet traceable on the Guiana mainland (93). Familiar Spirits and Couvade (93A).

89. The cult of the Familiar Spirit would appear to have reached a high stage of development among the island tribes; at any rate, it is from these people that comparatively complete records of its existence have come down to us. Thus with the Carib Islanders: “The good spirits which are their gods are more particularly expressed as Ichĕiri (by men) and Chemin (by women): They believe that these good spirits, or these gods, are in great numbers, and in this plurality each person believes he has a special one for himself—his own particular spirit, his own familiar: They say that these gods reside in the sky, but do not know what they do there, and they themselves show no signs of recognizing them as the creators of the world and of things that are” (RoP, 471). The precise source or origin of these Familiar Spirits is unfortunately nowhere given, beyond the statement that they leave the human body at death in company with the particular spirit connected with the deceased’s heart (ibid., 484). Again: The Island Caribs dedicated no temples or altars to their divinities, these Icheiri or Chemin: they made them no sacrifices. They simply made them offerings of cassava, and their first fruits. Above all, when they believed that they had been cured by them of some illness, they had a feast in their honor and offered them cassava and oüicou. All these offerings are known as anacri [alakri]: they place these at one end of the hut in vessels, according to the nature of the thing, on one or several matutus, or small tables plaited of rushes and palm leaves. Each one in the hut can make these offerings to his [Familiar] Spirit; but such offerings are not accompanied by any adoration or prayer, and consist only of the actual presentation of the gifts (ibid., 472).

90. To invoke them, however, requires the Boyé (medicine-man), together with incantations and tobacco smoke. This is the case chiefly on four occasions: (a) to be revenged on some one who has done them harm, and so draw punishment on him; (b) to get cured of some illness and learn the results of it; (c) to consult them on the p. 168 issues of their wars; (d) and to hunt away the Evil Spirit, Maboya (loc. cit.). When the Boyé has made his Familiar Spirit appear, the latter is heard to reply clearly to the questions put to him: he is heard to click his jaws as if eating and drinking the anacri, but next morning they find that he has not touched it. These temporal viands which have been soiled by these unfortunate spirits are deemed so sacred by the magician and the people whom they have abused that it is only the old men and the most illustrious among them who are free to partake of them, and even then they dare not taste them unless they have a certain cleanliness of person (RoP, 473). “They have asked me,” says Father de la Borde, “sometimes to drink of it, and I have done so just to try and change their superstitious ideas, one of which is to drink of this oüicou before eating, otherwise you die, and purposely I ate first before drinking; another is to keep the cup straight so as not to spill the contents, otherwise the eyes would run water everlastingly. I purposely spilt some, and held the cup crooked” (BBR, 235).

91. These Familiar Spirits [Icheiri or Chemin] often nestle themselves inside bones taken from a grave, which are wrapped up with cotton into grotesque figures, and so give oracles: they say it is the Spirit of the Dead that talks (RoP, 473, 479). “They sometimes put the hairs, or some bones, of their deceased parents into a calabash. They keep these in their huts, and use them for some sorcery. They say that the spirit of the dead one speaks through these, and forewarns them of the designs of their enemies” (BBR, 236). More than this, bones prepared with cotton, as above mentioned, are used for bewitching their enemies, and for this purpose the sorcerers wrap them up with something that belongs to their enemy (RoP, 473).

These Familiar Spirits also enter into the bodies of females and speak through them (loc. cit.). In order to turn aside the vials of their wrath and to divert the anger of these Spirits, tobacco leaves are smoked in their honor through the agency of the Boyés, their hideous likenesses are painted on the canoes, or the Indians carry slung around their necks a small embossed effigy representing one of these cursèd spirits in the ugliest position in which it had ever put in an appearance (RoP, 479).

92. The Island Arawak also had a belief in certain supernatural beings or spirits, and possessed effigies of them; both the spirit and its effigy were known to these folk as Cemi or Zemi. Thus, in his account of the aborigines of Haiti (Santo Domingo), Columbus says:

But also in all the other islands and on the mainland [Cuba?] each has a house apart from the village in which there is nothing except some wooden images carved in relief which are called Cemis; nor is there anything done in such a house for any other object or service except for these Cemis, by means of a kind of ceremony and prayer p. 169 which they go to make in it as we go to churches. In this house they have a finely-wrought table, round like a wooden disk, in which is some powder which is placed by them on the heads of these Cemis in performing a certain ceremony; then with a cane that has two branches which they place in their nostrils they snuff up this dust. The words that they say none of our people understand. [WF, 352.]

In early writings, zemis are repeatedly called “messengers” and were in fact subordinates of the great gods; being possessed like them of magic power to make the yucca grow, to facilitate childbirth, and to cure the sick (ibid., 356).

93. These Cemi of the Island Arawaks were identical with the Chemin of the island Carib-owned women who, for very intelligible reasons, spoke an Arawak dialect. Still more interesting is the fact that, on the Guiana mainland, the Arawak designation both of the piai and of the various kickshaws and apparatus employed in the pursuit of his craft is Semi-tchihi, or Semi-sihi. Indeed, it is in the cult of the piai where traces of this belief in Familiar Spirits must be sought among the mainland tribes, and it is here where I have been fortunate enough to find some. Thus, the effigy of the Familiar Spirit of the islanders has its representative in the so-called doll) and neck-ornament of the Mainland Arawak and Warrau medicine-man, as well as in the “devil”-figure of the Galibi piai and possibly in the maize-straw figure described by Crévaux. The Spirit itself is met with in the beings invoked by the Mainland Carib doctor when called upon to treat a patient: it is indeed not so very improbable that the actual Island Carib term Icheiri) may be identical with the Mainland Carib word Iakai-a used today on the Pomeroon.

93A. While frankly admitting that I have no actual proof from the literature or from my own field-work, as to any relationship of the Familiar Spirit with the little Baby Spirit, on whose account the various forms of couvade are practised, I am nevertheless very much inclined to believe in their identity. I look on the Familiar Spirit as an early stage in the idea of the Conscious Self, the “Ego.”

An Inquiry into the Animism and Folk-Lore of the Guiana Indians, Walter E. Roth, from the Thirtieth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1908-1909, pp. 103-386, Washington D.C., 1915, and is now in the public domain.[ British Guiana ][ South America ]

Some warriors of Chilhowee town, on Little Tennessee, organized a war party, as they said, to go against the Shawano. They started off north along the great war trail, but when they came to Pigeon river they changed their course, and instead of going on toward the Shawano country they went up the river and came in at the back of Cowee, one of the Middle settlements of their own tribe. Here they concealed themselves near the path until a party of three or four unsuspecting townspeople came by, when they rushed out and killed them, took their scalps and a gun belonging to a man named Gubskali’ski, and then hurriedly made their way home by the same roundabout route to Chilhowee, where they showed the fresh scalps and the gun, and told how they had met the Shawano in the north and defeated them without losing a man.

According to custom, preparations were made at once for a great scalp dance to celebrate the victory over the Shawano. The dance was held in the townhouse and all the people of the settlement were there and looked on, while the women danced with the scalps and the gun, and the returned warriors boasted of their deeds. As it happened, among those looking on was a visitor from Cowee, a gunstocker, who took particular notice of the gun and knew it at once as one he had repaired at home for Gubskali’ski. He said nothing, but wondered much how it had come into possession of the Shawano.

The scalp dance ended, and according to custom a second dance was appointed to be held seven days later, to give the other warriors also a chance to boast of their own war deeds. The gunstocker, whose name was Gulsadihi’, returned home to Cowee, and there heard for the first time how a Shawano war party had surprised some of the town people, killed several, and taken their scalps and a gun. He understood it all then, and told the chief that the mischief had been done, not by a hostile tribe, but by the false men of Chilhowee. It seemed too much to believe, and the chief said it could not be possible, until the gunstocker declared that he had recognized the gun as one he had himself repaired for the man who had been killed. At last they were convinced that his story was true, and all Cowee was eager for revenge.

It was decided to send ten of their bravest warriors, under the leadership of the gunstocker, to the next dance at Chilhowee, there to take their own method of reprisal. Volunteers offered at once for the service. They set out at the proper time and arrived at Chilhowee on the night the dance was to begin. As they crossed the stream below the town they met a woman coming for water and took their first revenge by killing her. Men, women, and children were gathered in the townhouse, but the Cowee men concealed themselves outside and waited. In this dance it was customary for each warrior in turn to tell the story of some deed against the enemy, putting his words into a song which he first whispered to the drummer, who then sang with him, drumming all the while. Usually it is serious business, but occasionally, for a joke, a man will act the clown or sing of some extravagant performance that is so clearly impossible that all the people laugh. One man after another stepped into the ring and sang of what he had done against the enemies of his tribe. At last one of the late war party rose front his seat, and after a whisper to the drummer began to sing of how they had gone to Cowee and taken scalps and the gun, which he carried as he danced. The chief and the people, who knew nothing of the treacherous act, laughed, heartily at what they thought was a great joke.

But now the gunstocker, who had been waiting Outside with the Cowee men, stripped off his breechcloth and rushed naked into the townhouse. Bending down to the drummer–who was one of the traitors, but failed to recognize Gulsadihi’–he gave him the words, and then straightening up he began to sing, “Hi! Ask who has done this!” while he danced around the circle, making insulting gestures toward every one there. The song was quick and the drummer beat very fast. He made one round and bent down again to the drummer, then straightened up and sang, “Yu! I have killed a pregnant woman at the ford and thrown her body into the river!” Several men started with surprise, but the chief said, “He is only joking; go on with the dance,” and the drummer beat rapidly.

Another round and he bent down again to the drummer and then began to sing, “We thought our enemies were from the north, but we have followed them and they are here!” Now the drummer knew at last what it all meant and he drummed very slowly, and the people grew uneasy. Then, without waiting on the drummer, Gulsadihi’ sang, “Cowee will have a ball play with you!”–and everyone knew this was a challenge to battle–and then fiercely: “But if you want to fight now my men are ready to die here!”

With that he waved his hand and left the townhouse. The dancers looked at each other uneasily and some of them rose to go. The chief, who could not understand it, urged them to go on with the dance, but it was of no avail. They left the townhouse, and as they went out they met the Cowee men standing with their guns ready and their hatchets in their belts. Neither party said anything, because they were still on friendly ground, but everyone knew that trouble was ahead.

The Cowee men returned home and organized a strong party of warriors from their own and all the neighboring Middle settlements to go and take vengeance on Chilhowee and on Kuwa’hi, just below, which had also been concerned in the raid. They went down the Tennessee and crossed over the mountains, but when they came on the other side they found that their enemies had abandoned their homes and fled for refuge to the remoter settlements or to the hostile Shawano in the north.

Myths of the Cherokee by James Mooney. From the Nineteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology 1897-98, Part I. [1900] and is now in the public domain.

One day in the long ago, two young girls were lying on the grass outside their tipi on a warm summer evening. They were looking up into the sky, describing star-pictures formed by their imaginations.

“That is a pretty star. I like that one,” said First Girl.

“I like that one best of all–over there,” Second Girl pointed.

First Girl pointed to the brightest star in the sky and said, “I like the brightest one best of all. That is the one I want to marry.”

That evening they agreed to go out the next day to gather wood. Next morning they started for the timbered area. On their way they saw a porcupine climb a tree.

“I’ll climb the tree and pull him down,” said First Girl. She climbed but could not reach the porcupine.

Every time she stretched her hand for him, the porcupine climbed a little higher. Then the tree started growing taller. Second Girl below called to her friend, “Please come down, the tree is growing taller!”

“No,” said First Girl as the porcupine climbed higher and the tree grew taller. Second Girl could see what was happening, so she ran back to the camp and told her people. They rushed to the tree, but First Girl had completely disappeared!

The tree continued to grow higher and higher. Finally, First Girl reached another land. She stepped off the tree branch and walked upon the sky! Before long she met a kindly looking middle-aged man who spoke to her. First Girl began to cry.

“Whatever is the matter? Only last night I heard you wish that you could marry me. I am the Brightest-Star,” he said.

First Girl was pleased to meet Brightest-Star and became happy again when she got her wish and married him. He told her that she could dig roots with the other star-women, but to beware of a certain kind of white turnip with a great green top. This kind she must never dig. To do so was “against the medicine”–against the rules of the Sky-Chief.

Every day First Girl dug roots. Her curiosity about the strange white turnip became so intense that she decided to dig up one of them. It took her a long, long time. When she finally pulled out the root, a huge hole was left. She looked into the hole and far, far below she saw the camp of her own people.

Everything and everyone was very small, but she could see lodges and people walking. Instantly she became homesick to see her own people again. How could she ever get down from the sky? She realized it was a long, long way down to earth. Then her eyes fell upon the long tough grass growing near her. Could she braid it into a long rope? She decided to try, every day pulling more long grass and braiding more rope.

One time her husband Brightest-Star asked, “What is it that keeps you outdoors so much of the time?”

“I walk a great distance and that makes me tired. I need to sit down and rest before I can start back home.”

At last she finished making her strong rope, thinking by now it must be long enough. She tied one end of the rope to a log that she rolled across the top of the hole as an anchor. She let down the rope. It looked as though it touched the ground.

She lowered herself into the hole, holding onto the braided rope. It seemed to take a long time as she slowly lowered herself until she came to the end of the rope. But it did not touch the earth! For a long while she hung on dangling in midair and calling uselessly for help. When she could hold on no longer, she fell to the ground and broke into many pieces. Although she died, her unborn son did not die, because he was made of star-stone and did not break.

A meadowlark saw what happened and took the falling-star baby to her nest. There the lark kept him with her own baby birds.

When they were older, Falling-Star crept out of the nest with the little birds. The stronger the birds grew, the stronger grew Falling-Star. Soon all of them could crawl and run. The young birds practiced their flying while Falling-Star ran after them. Then the young birds could fly anywhere they wished, while Falling-Star ran faster and faster to keep up with them.

“Son, you had better go home to your own people,” said Mother Meadowlark. “It is time for us to fly south for the winter. Before long, the weather here will be very cold.”

“Mother Meadowlark,” asked Falling-Star. “Why do you want me to leave you? I want to go with you.”

“No, Son,” she replied. “You must go home now.”

“I will go if Father Meadowlark will make me a bow and some arrows.”

Father Meadowlark made a bow and pulled some of his own quills to feather the arrows. He made four arrows and a bow for Falling-Star. Then he started Falling-Star in the right direction toward his home, downstream.

Falling-Star traveled a long time before he reached the camp of his people. He went into the nearest lodge owned by an old grandmother.

“Grandmother,” he said. “I need a drink of water.”

“My grandson,” she said to him, “only the young men who are the fastest runners can go for water. There is a water-monster who sucks up any people who go too close to it.”

“Grandmother, if you will give me your buffalo-pouch and your buffalo-horn ladle, I will bring you water.”

“Grandson, I warn you that many of our finest young men have been destroyed by the water-monster. I fear that you will be killed too.” But she gave him the things he asked for. He went upstream and dipped water, at the same time keeping watch for the monster.

At the very moment Falling-Star filled his bucket, the Water- monster raised its head above the water. His mouth was enormous. He sucked in his breath and drew in Falling-Star, the bucket, water, and the ladle. When Falling-Star found himself inside the monster’s stomach, he saw all the other people who had ever been swallowed. With his Star-stone, he cut a hole in the animal’s side. Out crawled all the people, and Falling-Star rescued his pouch and ladle for his grandmother, taking her some cool, fresh water.

“My grandson, who are you?” she asked, marveling at his survival.

“Grandmother, I am Falling-Star. I killed the monster who has caused our people much suffering, and I rescued all the people who had been swallowed.”

The old woman told the village crier to spread the good news that the monster was dead. Now that Falling-Star had saved the camp people there, he asked the grandmother, “Are there other camps of our people nearby?”

“Yes, there is one farther downstream,” she said.

Falling-Star took his bow and arrows and left camp. The fall of the year had now arrived. After travelling many days, he reached the other camp. Again he went into an old woman’s lodge where she sat near her fire.

“Grandmother, I am very hungry,” he said.

“My son, my son, we have no food. We cannot get any buffalo meat. Whenever our hunters go out for buffalo, a great white crow warns the buffalo, which drives them away.

“How sad,” he said. “I will try to help. Go out and look for a worn-out buffalo robe with little hair. Tell your chief to choose two of his fastest runners and send them to me.”

Later, the old woman returned with the robe and the two swift runners. Falling-Star told them his plan. “I will go to a certain place and wait for the buffalo. When the herd runs, I will follow, disguised as a buffalo in the worn-out robe. You two runners chase me and the buffalo for a long distance. When you overtake me, you must shoot at me. I will pretend to be dead. You pretend to cut me open and leave me there on the ground.”

When the real buffalo arrived, the white crow flew over them screaming, “They are coming! They are after you! Run, run!” The buffalo herd ran, followed by a shabby-looking bull.

The two swift runners chased the old bull according to plan. All kinds of birds, wolves, and coyotes came toward the carcass from all directions. Among them was the white crow. As he flew over Falling-Star in disguise, he called out shrilly, “I wonder if this is Falling-Star?”

Time after time the crow flew over the carcass, still calling, “I wonder if this is Falling-Star?” He came closer and closer with each pass. When he was close enough, Falling-Star sprang and grabbed the legs of the white crow. All of the other birds and animals scattered in every direction.

When Falling-Star brought the captive white crow home to the grandmother, she sent word for the chief.

“I will take the white crow to my lodge. I will tie him to the smoke hole and smoke him dead,” said the chief.

From that moment on, the good Cheyenne’s were able to kill many buffalo and they had plenty of buffalo meat for all their needs.

The people in gratitude gave Falling-Star a lovely lodge-home and a pretty Indian maiden waiting there to become his wife. They remained all of their lives with the Northern Cheyenne tribe.

http://www.indigenouspeople.net/fallings.htm

There once lived a chief’s daughter who had many relations. All the young men in the village wanted to have her for wife, and were all eager to fill her skin bucket when she went to the brook for water.

There was a young man in the village who was industrious and a good hunter; but he was poor and of a mean family. He loved the maiden and when she went for water, he threw his robe over her head while he whispered in her ear, “Be my wife. I have little but I am young and strong. I will treat you well, for I love you.”

For a long time the maiden did not answer, but one day she whispered back. “Yes, you may ask my father’s leave to marry me. But first you must do something noble. I belong to a great family and have many relations. You must go on a war party and bring back the scalp of an enemy.”

The young man answered modestly, “I will try to do as you bid me. I am only a hunter, not a warrior. Whether I shall be brave or not I do not know. But I will try to take a scalp for your sake.”

So he made a war party of seven, himself and six other young men. They wandered through the enemy’s country, hoping to get a chance to strike a blow. But none came, for they found no one of the enemy.

“Our medicine is unfavorable,” said their leader at last. “We shall have to return home.”

Before they started they sat down to smoke and rest beside a beautiful lake at the foot of a green knoll that rose from its shore. The knoll was covered with green grass and somehow, as they looked at it, they had a feeling that there was something about it that was mysterious or uncanny.

But there was a young man in the party named the jester, for he was venturesome and full of fun. Gazing at the knoll he said, “Let’s and jump on its top.”

“No,” said the young lover, “it looks mysterious. Sit still and finish your smoke.

“Oh, come on, who’s afraid,” said the jester, laughing. “Come on you– come on!” and springing to his feet he ran up the side of the knoll. Four of the young men followed. Having reached the top of the knoll all five began to jump and stamp about in sport, calling, “Come on, come on,” to the others.

Suddenly they stopped–the knoll had begun to move toward the water. It was a gigantic turtle. The five men cried out in alarm and tried to run–too late! Their feet by some power were held fast to the monster’s back.

“Help us–drag us away,” they cried; but the others could do nothing. In a few moments the waves had closed over them. The other two men, the lover and his friend, went on, but with heavy hearts, for they had forebodings of evil. After some days, they came to a river. Worn with fatigue the lover threw himself down on the bank.

“I will sleep awhile,” he said, “for I am wearied and worn out.” “And I will go down to the water and see if I can chance upon a dead fish. At this time of the year the high water may have left one stranded on the seashore,” said his friend And as he had said, he found a fish which he cleaned, and then called to the lover.

“Come and eat the fish with me. I have cleaned it and made a fire and it is now cooking.” “No, you eat it; let me rest,” said the lover. “Oh, come on,” said the friend. “No, let me rest,” the lover answered. “But you are my friend. I will not eat unless you share it with me,” the friend said.

“Very well,” said the lover, “I will eat the fish with you, but you must first make me a promise. If I eat the fish, you must promise, pledge yourself, to fetch me all the water that I can drink.”

“I promise,” said the other, and the two ate the fish out of their war-kettle. For there had been but one kettle for the party. When they had eaten, the kettle was rinsed out and the lover’s friend brought it back full of water. This the lover drank at a draught. “Bring me more,” he said. Again his friend filled the kettle at the river and again the lover drank it dry. “More!” he cried. “Oh, I am tired. Can’t you go to the river and drink your fill from the stream?” asked his friend.

“Remember your promise.” he said. “Yes, but I am weary. Go now and drink,” said the friend. “Ek-hey, I feared it would be so. Now trouble is coming upon us,” said the lover sadly. He walked to the river, sprang in, and lying down in the water with his head toward land, drank greedily. By and by he called to his friend. “Come hither, you who have been my sworn friend. See what comes of your broken promise.”

The friend came and was amazed to see that the lover was now a fish from his feet to his middle. Sick at heart he ran off a little way and threw himself upon the ground in grief. By and by he returned. The lover was now a fish to his neck. “Cannot I cut off the part and restore you by a sweat bath?” the friend asked.

“No, it is too late. But tell the chief’s daughter that I loved her to the last and that I die for her sake. Take this belt and give it to her. She gave it to me as a pledge of her love for me,” and he being then turned to a great fish, swam to the middle of the river and there remained, only his great fin remaining above the water.

The friend went home and told his story. There was great mourning over the death of the five young men, and for the lost lover. In the river the great fish remained, its fin just above the surface, and was called by the Indians “Fish that Bars,” because it barred navigation.

Canoes had to be portaged at great labor around the obstruction. The chief’s daughter mourned for her lover as for a husband, nor would she be comforted. “He was lost for love of me, and I shall remain as his widow,” she wailed. In her mother’s tepee she sat, with her head covered with her robe, silent, working, working.

“What is my daughter doing,” her mother asked. But the maiden did not reply. The days lengthened into moons until a year had passed. And then the maiden arose. In her hands were beautiful articles of clothing, enough for three men. There were three pairs of moccasins, three pairs of leggings, three belts, three shirts, three head dresses with beautiful feathers, and sweet smelling tobacco.

“Make a new canoe of bark,” she said, which was made for her. Into the canoe she stepped and floated slowly down the river toward the great fish. “Come back my daughter,” her mother cried in agony. “The great fish will eat you.” She answered nothing. Her canoe came to the place where the great fin arose and stopped, its prow grating on the monster’s back. The maiden stepped out  boldly. One by one she laid her presents on the fish’s back, scattering the feathers and tobacco over his broad spine.

“Oh, fish,” she cried, “Oh, fish, you who were my lover, I shall not forget you. Because you were lost for love of me, I shall never marry. All my life I shall remain a widow. Take these presents. And now leave the river, and let the waters run free, so my people may once more descend in their canoes.”

She stepped into her canoe and waited. Slowly the great fish sank, his broad fin disappeared, and the waters of the St. Croix (Stillwater) were free.

As retold by Marie L. McLaughlin in “Myths and Legends of the Sioux”

in 1913